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Selection of sanctions, embargoes, restrictive measures and citations of respective descriptions

United Nations

According to the Charter of the United Nations, Chapter VII, the Security Council of the UN can take enforcement measures to maintain or restore international peace and security. Measures can be economic sanctions or other sanctions not involving the use of armed force to international military action; they might include economic and trade sanctions or targeted measures such as arms embargoes, travel bans, financial or diplomatic restrictions.

The use of mandatory sanctions is intended to apply pressure on a State or entity to comply with the objectives set by the Security Council without resorting to the use of force.

Detailed information on each sanctions committee, including relevant measures, lists, Committee Guidelines and comprehensive documentation, including official documents and Press Releases, is available on the United Nations website.

European Union

The EU implements all sanctions imposed by the UN. In addition, the EU may reinforce UN sanctions by applying stricter and additional measures. Finally, where the EU deems it necessary, it may decide to impose autonomous sanctions.

EU Financial Sanctions
The European Union publishes the “Consolidated list of persons, groups and entities subject to EU financial sanctions”; these names are subject to Common Foreign & Security Policy (CFSP) related financial sanctions (freezing of funds or economic resources, prohibition on financial transactions, restrictions on export credits or investment).
This list is published by the European Commission and set up by the EU Credit Sector Federations (European Banking Federation, European Savings Banks Group, European Association of Co-operative Banks and European Association of Public Banks).

“EU sanctions apply within the jurisdiction (territory) of the EU; to EU nationals in any location; to companies and organisations incorporated under the law of a member state – including branches of EU companies in third countries; on board of aircrafts or vessels under member states´ jurisdiction”.

Council Regulations concerning sanctions and restrictive measures are published in the Official Journal of the European Union.

Switzerland

The Federal Act on the Implementation of International Sanctions (Embargo Act) forms the legal basis for the implementation of sanctions imposed by Switzerland. The Embargo Act is a framework legislation that regulates general matters (aim, scope of authority, duty of disclosure, supervision of compliance, data protection, administrative and legal assistance, rights of appeal, criminal provisions). Specific measures such as those taken in relation to a particular state or regime are issued in separate ordinances based on the Embargo Act. Prior to this Act coming into force, sanctions were based directly on provisions of the Federal Constitution (Art. 184 Abs.3). The Confederation may enact compulsory measures in order to implement sanctions that have been ordered by the United Nations Organisation (UN), by the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) or by Switzerland’s most significant trading partners and which serve to secure compliance with international law, and in particular the respect of human rights.

The right is reserved for the Federal Council to take measures to safeguard the interests of the country in accordance with Article 184 paragraph 3 of the Federal Constitution. Compulsory measures may in particular:a) directly or indirectly restrict transactions involving goods and services, payment and capital transfers, and the movement of persons, as well as scientific, technological and cultural exchange, b)include prohibitions, licensing and reporting obligations as well as other restrictions of rights.

Implementation of ordinances of the Federal Council:

State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (SECO)

The Federal Council has the authority to enact compulsory measures. It may stipulate exceptions in order to support humanitarian activities or to safeguard Swiss interests. The Federal Council may stipulate exceptions in accordance with paragraph above, in particular for the provision of food supplies, medicines and therapeutic products for humanitarian purposes. The compulsory measures are enacted in the form of ordinances.

These ordinances on sanctions are implemented by the State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (SECO). The names of individuals, legal entities, groups and companies affected are given in the annexes to the relevant ordinance. In addition to other sanctions, some ordinances (to be consulted case by case) also impose a duty to notify the State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (SECO) about the financial assets of individuals, legal entities, organisations or groups affected and freeze any assets transferred or held in Switzerland belonging to them. Notifying SECO does not release a financial intermediary from the duty to notify the Money Laundering Reporting Office Switzerland pursuant to Art. 9 of the Anti-Money Laundering Act (AMLA).

Federal Department of Foreign Affairs (FDFA)

The Federal Council has the authority to enact compulsory measures. The compulsory measures are enacted in the form of ordinances.

These ordinances on sanctions are implemented by the State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (SECO) and in some cases have been implemented by the Federal Department of Foreign Affairs (FDFA) of Switzerland.

Examples are the ordinance of the Federal Council of the 2nd of February 2011 regarding measures against certain individuals from the Arab Republic of Egypt, modified with ordinance of the Federal Department of Foreign Affairs of the 16th of February 2011 and subsequent dates, and the ordinance of the Federal Council of the 19th of January 2011 regarding measures against certain individuals from Tunisia, modified with ordinance of the Federal Department of Foreign Affairs of the 28th of January 2011 and subsequent dates)

United States of America

Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC)

The OFAC administers and enforces economic and trade sanctions based on US foreign policy and national security goals against targeted foreign countries and regimes, terrorists, international narcotics traffickers, those engaged in activities related to the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, and other threats to the national security, foreign policy or economy of the United States. OFAC acts under the President’s wartime and national emergency powers, as well as under authority granted by specific legislation, to impose controls on transactions and freeze assets under U.S. jurisdiction. Many of the sanctions are based on United Nations and other international mandates, are multilateral in scope, and involve close cooperation with allied governments.

All U.S. persons must comply with OFAC regulations, including all U.S. citizens and permanent resident aliens regardless of where they are located, all persons and entities within the United States, all U.S. incorporated entities and their foreign branches. In the cases of certain programs, such as those regarding Cuba and North Korea, all foreign subsidiaries owned or controlled by U.S. companies also must comply. Certain programs also require foreign persons in possession of U.S. origin goods to comply.

OFAC SDN List
The Specially Designated Nationals (SDN) list is a publication of the OFAC. As part of its enforcement efforts, OFAC publishes a list of individuals and companies owned or controlled by, or acting for or on behalf of, targeted countries. It also lists individuals, groups, and entities, such as terrorists and narcotics traffickers designated under programs that are not country-specific. Such individuals and companies are called “Specially Designated Nationals” or “SDNs”; their assets are blocked and U.S. persons are generally prohibited from dealing with them.

OFAC Consolidated Sanctions ListConsolidated Sanctions List Data Files
According to their own website “In order to make it easier to comply with OFAC’s sanctions regulations, the office is now offering all of its non-SDN sanctions lists (including Palestinian Legislative Council List “NS-PLC List”, the Part 561 List, the Non-SDN Iran Sanctions Act List “NS-ISA List”, the Foreign Sanctions Evaders List “FSE List”, the Sectoral Sanctions Identifications List “SSI List”, and the 13599 List) in a consolidated set of data files “the Consolidated Sanctions List”.”

Included in the OFAC Consolidated Sanctions List Data Files:

  • Foreign Sanctions Evaders (FSE) List
  • Sectoral Sanctions Identifications (SSI) List
  • Palestinian Legislative Council (NS-PLC) list
  • The List of Foreign Financial Institutions Subject to Part 561 (the Part 561 List)
  • Non-SDN Iranian Sanctions Act (NS-ISA) List
  • List of Foreign Financial Institutions Subject to Correspondent Account or Payable-Through Account Sanctions (CAPTA List)
  • Non-SDN Menu-Based Sanctions List (NS-MBS List)

OFAC Foreign Sanctions Evaders (FSE) List
The Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) of the US Department of the Treasury publishes a list of foreign individuals and entities determined to have violated, attempted to violate, conspired to violate, or caused a violation of U.S. sanctions on Syria or Iran pursuant to Executive Order 13608. It also lists foreign persons who have facilitated deceptive transactions for or on behalf of persons subject to U.S. sanctions. Such individuals and companies are called “Foreign Sanctions Evaders” or “FSEs”; transactions by U.S. persons or within the United States involving FSEs are prohibited. The FSE List is not part of the Specially Designated Nationals (SDN) List; individuals and companies on the FSE List may also appear on the SDN List.

OFAC Sectoral Sanctions Identifications (SSI) List​​
The Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) of the US Department of the Treasury publishes a list to identify persons operating in sectors of the Russian economy identified by the Secretary of the Treasury pursuant to Executive Order 13662. Directives found within the list describe prohibitions on dealings with the persons identified. This list is not part of the Specially Designated Nationals (SDN) List; individuals and companies on the SSI List may also appear on the SDN List.

OFAC Non-SDN Palestinian Legislative Council (NS-PLC) list
The Palestinian Legislative Council (PLC) List is published by the Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) of the US Department of the Treasury. It is listed as a non-SDN list associated with anti-terrorism programs.

Section (b) of General License 4 issued pursuant to the Global Terrorism Sanctions Regulations (31 C.F.R. Part 594), the Terrorism Sanctions Regulations (31 C.F.R. Part 595), and the Foreign Terrorist Organizations Sanctions Regulations (31 C.F.R. Part 597) authorizes U.S. financial institutions to reject transactions with members of the Palestinian Legislative Council (PLC) who were elected to the PLC on the party slate of Hamas, or any other Foreign Terrorist Organization (FTO), Specially Designated Terrorist (SDT), or Specially Designated Global Terrorist (SDGT), provided that any such individuals are not named on OFAC’s list of Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons (SDN List).

OFAC List of Foreign Financial Institutions Subject to Part 561 (the Part 561 List)
In order to implement certain provisions of the Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010 (CISADA), the National Defense Authorization Act of Fiscal Year 2012 (NDAA), the Iran Freedom and Counter-Proliferation Act of 2012 (IFCA) and certain executive orders, OFAC has developed a list of foreign financial Institutions that are subject to sanctions under these laws and orders.

OFAC Non-SDN Iranian Sanctions Act (NS-ISA) List
On October 9, 2012, the President signed Executive Order (E.O.) 13628, which provides for, among other things, the implementation of certain sanctions set forth in the Iran Threat Reduction and Syria Human Rights Act of 2012 (TRA). Section 1 of E.O. 13628 provides that the Secretary of the Treasury, pursuant to authority under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA), shall take action to implement certain sanctions set forth in Section 6 of the Iran Sanctions Act of 1996, as amended (ISA), when the President, the Secretary of State, or the Secretary of the Treasury imposes such sanctions on a person pursuant to provisions of ISA, the Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010, as amended, or the TRA. Section 6 of ISA includes both blocking and non-blocking sanctions.

List of Foreign Financial Institutions Subject to Correspondent Account or Payable-Through Account Sanctions (CAPTA List)
As of March 14, 2019, the List of Foreign Financial Institutions Subject to Correspondent Account or Payable-Through Account Sanctions (the “CAPTA List”) includes one foreign financial institution subject to correspondent or payable-through account sanctions. Prior to March 14, 2019, this entity was on OFAC’s Part 561 List. The CAPTA List is intended to include foreign financial institutions subject to correspondent or payable-through account sanctions pursuant to sanctions authorities including the Ukraine Freedom Support Act of 2014, as amended by the Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act; the North Korea Sanctions Regulations, 31 C.F.R. part 510; the Iran Freedom and Counter-Proliferation Act of 2012; the Iranian Financial Sanctions Regulations, 31 C.F.R. Part 561; the Hizballah Financial Sanctions Regulations, 31 C.F.R. Part 566; and Executive Order 13846. The CAPTA List also will specify the specific prohibition or strict condition(s) to which the foreign financial institutions are subject.

FinCEN

FinCEN is a bureau of the U.S. Department of the Treasury. The Director of FinCEN is appointed by the Secretary of the Treasury and reports to the Treasury Under Secretary for Terrorism and Financial Intelligence. FinCEN’s mission is to safeguard the financial system from illicit use and combat money laundering and promote national security through the collection, analysis, and dissemination of financial intelligence and strategic use of financial authorities.

Section 311 – Special Measures for Jurisdictions, Financial Institutions, or International Transactions of Primary Money Laundering Concern.
FinCEN publishes a list with reference to section Section 311 of the USA PATRIOT Act “Special Measures for Jurisdictions, Financial Institutions, or International Transactions of Primary Money Laundering Concern”.
“Section 311 grants the Secretary of Treasury the authority, upon finding that reasonable grounds exist for concluding that a foreign jurisdiction, institution, class of transaction, or type of account is of “primary money laundering concern,” to require domestic financial institutions and financial agencies to take certain “special measures” against the entity of primary money laundering concern”.

Department of State

In accordance with the President Trump’s June 2017 National Security Presidential Memorandum, the U.S. Department of State “is publishing a list of entities and subentities that are under the control of, or act for or on behalf of, the Cuban military, intelligence, or security services or personnel and with which direct financial transactions would disproportionately benefit the Cuban military, intelligence, or security services or personnel at the expense of the Cuban people or private enterprise in Cuba – the State Department’s List of Restricted Entities and Subentities Associated with Cuba (“Cuba Restricted List”)”. The Cuba Restricted List is maintained by the U.S. Department of State and will be published and periodically updated as necessary in the Federal Register.